among the Buddhists of Gandhara.At jamalgarhi and at the Dharmarajaka
Stupa of Taxila, the chapels were arranged in a circle immediately
around the chief monument.At other times, as at Takht-i-Bahi and at
jaulian they were planned in the form of a quadrangle sufficiently
large to enclose, not only the chief edifice but all the subsidiary
structures grouped around it.The circular lay-out appears to date from
the first century A.D and the quadrangular, from a substantially
later age.Chapels of his kind would not, of course, be needed until
cult images of the Buddha had come generally into fashion, and in the
North-west this did not happen before the first century A.D. Here, at
Jaulian, all the chapels are constructed of semi-ashlar masonry and
were erected long after the main stupa, those around the upper court
probably coming first, and the others later on.
The total number of chapels in the three courts appears to have been
fifty-niine, namely, thirty-one in the lower and western sourts and
twenty-eight in the upper, in addition to two at the entrance to the
monastery and one inside it.Their roots were constructed, like those
of the monastic cells, of timber protected by a layer of earth.So
much is evident from the remains of charred timber and clay found
on their floors during excavation.
